Analgesia no farmacológica en la vacunación. Valoración de pediatras, pacientes y tutores / Nonpharmacological pain management in vaccination. Perception of paediatricians, patients and guardians

Introducción: La utilización de medidas no farmacológicas para disminuir el dolor en la vacunación se ha estudiado extensamente en lactantes, pero hay menos estudios sobre su efectividad en niños mayores y sobre la valoración de los padres del dolor observado en los niños. Metodología: Estudio multicéntrico, de intervención, cuasiexperimental con grupo control. Pacientes: Lactantes de 2 y 11meses, y niños de 4años que acuden para vacunación sistemática. Ámbito: Atención primaria. Intervención durante la inmunización: Los lactantes recibieron lactancia materna. Los niños de 4años soplaron un matasuegras. El grupo control siguió la práctica habitual. Medición: escala NIPS (Escala de dolor infantil y neonatal) y duración del llanto en los lactantes. Dibujos faciales de Wong-Baker para los niños mayores y padres. Resultados: Participaron 125 niños (60 intervención; 65 control). Hubo una disminución significativa de la sensación de dolor en los grupos de intervención: puntuación NIPS en lactantes (3,8±1,1 frente a 5,2±0,7 [p<0,001]). Escala de Wong-Baker a los 4años (3,3±1,7 frente a 4,2±1,6 [p=0,042]). Esas mismas diferencias a favor de la intervención se observan en la valoración de los padres (3,4±1,3 frente a 4,5±1,5 [p<0,001]). La correlación de las puntuaciones de niños y padres fue altamente positiva: 0,7 (IC95%: 0,59-0,78). Sin embargo, el tiempo de duración del llanto fue mayor en el grupo intervención. Conclusiones: La utilización de medidas distractoras consigue la disminución del dolor en los niños y la percepción del dolor de los padres disminuye, lo que aumenta la satisfacción de estos con el procedimiento. (AU)

Introduction: The use of nonpharmacological measures to reduce pain during vaccination has been studied extensively in infants, but there are fewer studies on its effectiveness in older children and on the parental perception of pain in children. Methods: We conducted a multicentre, quasi-experimental interventional study with a control group. Patients: Infants aged 2 and 11 months and children aged 4 years that attended routine vaccination appointments. Setting: Primary care. Intervention during vaccination: infants were breastfed and 4-year-old children blew a party horn. Control: vaccination performed following routine practice. Measurement: NIPS (Neonatal Infant Pain Scale) and duration of crying in infants, Wong−Baker FACES pain rating scale in older children and parents. Results: The study included 125 children (intervention: 60; control: 65). There was a significant decrease in perceived pain in the intervention groups: NIPS score in infants, 3.8±1.1 compared to 5.2±0.7 (P<.001); Wong−Baker FACES score at 4 years of 3.3±1.7 compared to 4.2±1.6 (P=.042). These same differences in support of the intervention were reflected in the parental assessments (3.4±1.3 vs 4.5±1.5; P<.001). The correlation between child and parent scores was strongly positive: 0.7 (95% CI, 0.59–0.78). However, the duration of crying was longer in the intervention group. Conclusions: The use of distraction techniques reduces pain in children and the pain perceived by parents in their children, thus increasing their satisfaction with the procedure. (AU)

Nonpharmacological pain management in vaccination. Perception of paediatricians, patients and guardians.

INTRODUCTION: The use of nonpharmacological measures to reduce pain during vaccination has been studied extensively in infants, but there are fewer studies on its effectiveness in older children and on the parental perception of pain in children. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre, quasi-experimental interventional study with a control group. PATIENTS: infants aged 2-11 months and children aged 4 years that attended routine vaccination appointments. SETTING: Primary care. Intervention during vaccination: infants were breastfed and 4-year-old children blew a party horn. CONTROL: vaccination performed following routine practice. MEASUREMENT: NIPS (Neonatal Infant Pain Scale) and duration of crying in infants, Wong-Baker FACES pain rating scale in older children and parents. RESULTS: The study included 125 children (intervention: 60; control: 65). There was a significant decrease in perceived pain in the intervention groups: NIPS score in infants, 3.8 ± 1.1 compared to 5.2 ± 0.7 (P < .001); Wong-Baker FACES score at 4 years of 3.3 ± 1.7 compared to 4.2 ± 1.6 (P = .042). These same differences in support of the intervention were reflected in the parental assessments (3.4 ± 1.3 vs 4.5 ± 1.5; P < .001). The correlation between child and parent scores was strongly positive: 0.7 (95% CI, 0.59-0.78). However, the duration of crying was longer in the intervention group. CONCLUSION: The use of distraction techniques reduces pain in children and the pain perceived by parents in their children, thus increasing their satisfaction with the procedure.

Meduloblastoma: aspectos diferenciales entre el tumor infantil y del adulto / Differential aspects in children and adult patients with medulloblastoma

Fundamento y objetivo: El meduloblastoma es el tumor cerebral maligno más frecuente en la infancia. El objetivo de este estudio es describir datos clínicos, diagnósticos, terapéuticos, pronósticos y de supervivencia de pacientes adultos y niños con meduloblastoma. Pacientes y método: Se trata de un estudio observacional de una cohorte retrospectiva formada por todos los pacientes diagnosticados de meduloblastoma cerebral en los últimos 19 años (1989–2007) en el Hospital de Cruces del municipio de Baracaldo, Vizcaya. Resultados: Se incluyó a 37 pacientes: 20 varones y 17 mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre 1 y 48 años (edad media de 13,7 años y desviación típica de 11,4). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la localización tumoral y en la mortalidad según diseminación inicial. Presentaron metástasis al diagnóstico 2 pacientes. La resección quirúrgica tumoral fue total en el 75% de los casos. Se observó recaída en la evolución del 59,5% de los pacientes, con afectación del líquido cefalorraquídeo en el 27%. Se detectaron secuelas en la evolución del 100% de los supervivientes, entre las que destacaron las alteraciones cerebelosas y oculares. En uno de los pacientes se diagnosticó una segunda neoplasia (meningioma y sarcoma maxilar). Se puede destacar de el presente estudio la agresividad del meduloblastoma tanto en el niño como en el adulto, con una mortalidad global del 56,8% y, a los 5 años del diagnóstico, del 48,6%. Conclusiones: Se considera necesario un tratamiento multidisciplinario y un seguimiento a largo plazo de los pacientes y de las secuelas de los supervivientes, teniendo en cuenta la posibilidad de segundas neoplasias (AU)

Background and objective: Medulloblastoma is the more frequent malignant cerebral tumor in childhood. Patients and methods: This is an observational study of a retrospective cohort in which there were included all the patients diagnosed of medulloblastoma in the last 19 years (1989–2007) in Hospital de Cruces of Baracaldo, Vizcaya, Spain. Results: There were included 37 patients, 20 men and 17 women, with ages between 1 and 48 years (average age 13.7 years with standard deviation 11.4). Tumor site and mortality according to initial dissemination were variables of statistic significance. Metastases were detected at diagnosis in two patients. The surgical resection was total in 75% of the patients. A relapse was diagnosed in the follow-up in 59.5% of the patients, with a positive spinal fluid in 27%. Sequelae were detected in 100% of the survivors, mainly with cerebellar and ocular alterations. One patient developed a meningioma and a maxillary sarcoma at the long term follow-up. It is important to emphasize the aggressiveness of medulloblastoma in both children and adults, with a global mortality of 56.8% and 48,6% at 5 years. Conclusions: It is considered necessary a multidisciplinary treatment and a long term monitoring of the patients and the sequelae of the survivors, including the possibility of second tumours (AU)

[Differential aspects in children and adult patients with medulloblastoma]. / Meduloblastoma: aspectos diferenciales entre el tumor infantil y del adulto.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Medulloblastoma is the more frequent malignant cerebral tumor in childhood. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is an observational study of a retrospective cohort in which there were included all the patients diagnosed of medulloblastoma in the last 19 years (1989-2007) in Hospital de Cruces of Baracaldo, Vizcaya, Spain. RESULTS: There were included 37 patients, 20 men and 17 women, with ages between 1 and 48 years (average age 13.7 years with standard deviation 11.4). Tumor site and mortality according to initial dissemination were variables of statistic significance. Metastases were detected at diagnosis in two patients. The surgical resection was total in 75% of the patients. A relapse was diagnosed in the follow-up in 59.5% of the patients, with a positive spinal fluid in 27%. Sequelae were detected in 100% of the survivors, mainly with cerebellar and ocular alterations. One patient developed a meningioma and a maxillary sarcoma at the long term follow-up. It is important to emphasize the aggressiveness of medulloblastoma in both children and adults, with a global mortality of 56.8% and 48,6% at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: It is considered necessary a multidisciplinary treatment and a long term monitoring of the patients and the sequelae of the survivors, including the possibility of second tumours.